WILLIAM was ruler of the land, but English hearts never accepted
him. Norman and Englishman lived side by side, yet a wide sea
of hatred kept them apart.
As he had promised, William rewarded the Norman barons and nobles
who had helped him to conquer England. He gave them the lands
and goods of the conquered people, so it was not wonderful that
there was fierce hatred between the two races.
The Normans were greedy, and they not only took the lands which
William gave them, but they forced the English to pay large sums
of money too. Every high position was filled by Normans, and the
English were forced to be the servants and slaves of these proud
Norman masters.
The Normans talked a great deal of "right," but the
more they talked of right, the more wrong they did. The very sheriffs
and judges, who ought to have seen that the laws were kept and
that justice was done, were more greedy than thieves and robbers,
and the king was greediest of all. He made the people pay tolls
and taxes until they had hardly any money left. Much of this money
he took away with him to France, much he kept locked up in his
strong treasure-room.
As if he had not already spoiled enough of the country in battle,
William next laid waste a great part in the south, simply because
he was very fond of hunting and he wanted a good hunting-ground.
He turned the people out of their houses, burning and ruining
whole villages in order to make a great place in which to ride
and hunt. He called this place the New Forest and it is so called
to this day.
Having made this forest, William also made forest laws. These
laws were very cruel. If any person was found hunting or killing
the deer or other wild animals, his eyes were put out or his hands
and ears were cut off. So the poor people, who had been driven
from their homes dared not even kill the wild animals for food.
William did not do much that was kind, but some things which
he did were wise. Among the wise things was the law which he made
that all lights and fires must be put out at eight o'clock at
night.
Nowadays we should think it very hard indeed if all fires and
lights had to be put out at eight o'clock. But in those days people
used to rise very early, and go to bed very early, so that it
was not a great hardship. It was really a wise rule, because nearly
all the houses were built of wood, and if people were careless
and went to bed leaving large fires burning, the houses were apt
to catch fire. In a town all built of wood, if one house caught
fire sometimes a whole street would be burned to the ground before
the fire could be put out.
By this wise law William made the danger of fires much less.
Every night at eight o'clock a bell was rung. This bell was called
"the curfew," from the French words "couvre feu"
which means "cover fire."
Another wise thing which William did was to make what is called
the Domesday Book, or book of judgment. This was a very big book
in which a description of all the great houses and lands in the
kingdom was written down, with the names of the people to whom
the land and houses belonged. This book was very useful at the
time, and it has been very useful since. For one thing it shows
us how much land was taken from the English and given to the Normans.
When William gave the Normans land he did not give it to them
for nothing. In return they had to promise to come to help the
King in battle and to bring men with them. The more land they
got the more men they had to promise to provide in time of war.
When William wished to know how many men a certain lord would
bring to fight for him, he only needed to look at his great book
to see how much land he had. This plan of paying for land by fighting
was called the feudal system, and it lasted in England for many
years.
William spent a great deal of time in Normandy, for, though he
was proud to be King of England, he loved his Norman home far
better. It was in Normandy that he died.
William had been fighting with the King of France, and, with
his usual cruelty, he had burned a town belonging to that king.
While William was riding about among the ruins, his horse stepped
upon some hot ashes, stumbled, and he was thrown to the ground.
William was by this time very fat and old, and the fall hurt him
so much that in a few days he died.
Only two of William's sons were with him at the time. Robert,
the eldest, had quarreled with his father long before, and was
far away. But, as he lay dying, William wished to be at peace
with every one. He forgave Robert and left the crown of Normandy
to him. "And," he said, "although the crown of
England is not mine to give away, I should like William to have
it." And the son, eager to claim his father's crown, seized
the great signet ring which the dying king still wore, and drew
it from his finger.
To Henry, his youngest son, William left a large sum of money.
Then William and Henry hurried off to England; the one to demand
the crown, the other to make sure of his treasure. The great Conqueror
was left to die alone.
A strange thing happened while William was being buried. Fire
broke out in the streets just as it had done when he was being
crowned. The people who were carrying the bier fled, so once more
the Conqueror was left alone with a few priests. They would have
buried him hurriedly but, as they began the service, a young man
stepped forward and stopped them. "This ground," he
said, "was taken from my father by the very king whom you
now wish to bury here. He has no right to the land. It is mine,
not his. I refuse to allow him to be buried in it."
So even in death the Conqueror was to find no resting-place.
But the priests bargained with the young man, and at last, for
the sum of sixty shillings, he allowed them to bury the King in
his ground.
