This is a list of plants that have been used as herbal
medicine. The ability to synthesize a wide variety of chemical compounds
that are used to perform important biological functions, and to defend against
attack from predators such as insects, fungi and herbivorous mammals. Many of
these phytochemicals
have beneficial effects on long-term health when consumed by humans, and can be
used to effectively treat human diseases. At least 12,000 such compounds have
been isolated so far; a number estimated to be less than 10% of the total.[1][2]
These phytochemicals
are divided into (1) primary
metabolites such as sugars
and fats, which are
found in all plants; and (2) secondary
metabolites – compounds which are found in a smaller range of plants,
serving a more specific function.[3]
For example, some secondary metabolites are toxins
used to deter
predation and others are pheromones
used to attract insects for pollination.
It is these secondary metabolites and pigments that can have therapeutic actions
in humans and which can be refined to produce drugs—examples are inulin from the roots of dahlias, quinine from the cinchona, morphine and codeine from the poppy, and digoxin from the foxglove.[3]
Chemical compounds in plants mediate their effects on the human body through
processes identical to those already well understood for the chemical compounds
in conventional drugs; thus herbal medicines do not differ greatly from
conventional drugs in terms of how they work. This enables herbal medicines to
be as effective as conventional medicines, but also gives them the same
potential to cause harmful side effects.[1][2]
In Europe, apothecaries
stocked herbal ingredients for their medicines. In the Latin names for
plants created by Linnaeus,
the word officinalis
indicates that a plant was used in this way. For example, the marsh mallow has the
classification Althaea officinalis, as it was traditionally used as an emollient
to soothe ulcers.[4]
Ayurvedic
medicine, herbal medicine and traditional
Chinese medicine are other examples of medical practices that incorporate
medical uses of plants. Pharmacognosy
is the branch of modern medicine about medicines from plant sources. Plants
included here are those that have been or are being used medicinally, in at
least one such medicinal tradition.
Modern
medicine now tends to use the active ingredients of plants rather than the
whole plants. The phytochemicals
may be synthesized, compounded or otherwise transformed to make pharmaceuticals. Examples
of such derivatives include Digoxin,
from digitalis; capsaicine, from chili; and aspirin, which is chemically
related to the salicylic
acid found in white
willow. The opium poppy continues to be a major industrial source of
opiates, including morphine.
Few traditional remedies, however, have translated into modern drugs, although
there is continuing research into the efficacy and possible adaptation of
traditional herbal treatments.
A
B
- Barberry
(Berberis
vulgaris) has a long history of medicinal use, dating back to the Middle
Ages particularly among Native
Americans. Uses have included skin ailments, scurvy and gastro-intestinal
ailments.[17]
- Belladonna (Atropa
belladonna), although toxic, was used historically in Italy by women to enlarge their
pupils, as well as a sedative,
among other uses. The name itself means "beautiful woman" in Italian.[18]
- Bilberry (Vaccinium
myrtillus) used to treat diarrhea,
scurvy, and
other conditions.[19]
- Bitter
gourd (Momordica
charantia) is used as an agent to reduce the blood glucose level.[20]
- Bitter
leaf (Vernonia
amygdalina) is used by both primates
and indigenous peoples in Africa to treat intestinal ailments such as dysentery[21][22]
- Bitter orange (Citrus
× aurantium) used in traditional
Chinese medicine and by indigenous peoples of the Amazon for nausea, indigestion and constipation.[23]
- Black
cohosh (Actaea
racemosa) historically used for arthritis
and muscle
pain, used more recently for conditions related to menopause and menstruation.[24]
- Blessed
thistle (Cnicus
benedictus) was used during the Middle
Ages to treat bubonic
plague. In modern times, herbal
teas made from blessed thistle are used for loss
of appetite, indigestion
and other purposes.[25]
- Blueberries
(genus Vaccinium) are of
current medical interest as an antioxidant[26][27]
and for urinary
tract ailments[28]
- Burdock
(Arctium lappa) has
been used traditionally as a diuretic
and to lower blood sugar[29]
and, in traditional
Chinese medicine as a treatment for sore throat and symptoms of the common
cold.[30]
C
- Cat's
claw (Uncaria
tomentosa) has a long history of use in South America to prevent and
treat disease.[31]
- Cayenne
(Capsicum
annuum) is a type of chili
that has been used as both food and medicine for thousands of years. Uses have
included reducing pain and swelling, lowering triglyceride
and cholesterol levels and
fighting viruses and harmful bacteria, due to high levels of Vitamin C.[32][33][34]
- Celery
(Apium
graveolens) seed is used only occasionally in tradition medicine.
Modern usage is primarily as a diuretic.[35]
- Chamomille
(Matricaria
recutita and Anthemis
nobilis) has been used over thousands of years for a variety of
conditions, including sleeplessness, anxiety, and gastrointestinal conditions
such as upset
stomach, gas, and diarrhea.[36]
- Chaparral (Larrea
tridentata) leaves and twigs are used by Native
Americans to make an herbal
tea used for a variety of conditions, including arthritis,
cancer and a
number of others. Subsequent studies have been extremely variable, at best.
Chaparral has also been shown to have high liver toxicity, and has led to kidney
failure, and is not recommended for any use by the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) or American
Cancer Society.[37][38]
- Chasteberry
(Vitex
agnus-castus) used over thousands of years for menstrual problems, and
to stimulate lactation.[39]
- Chili
(Capsicum
frutescens)'s active ingredient, capsaicine, is the basic of
commercial pain-relief ointments in Western medicine. The low incidence of heart
attack in Thais may be related to capsaicine's fibronolytic action
(dissolving blood clots).[40]
- Cinchona is a genus of about 38 species of trees whose bark is
a source of alkaloids,
including quinine. Its use as a febrifuge
was first popularized in the 17th century by Peruvian
Jesuits.[41]
- Clove
(Syzygium
aromaticum) is used for upset stomach and as an expectorant, among other
purposes. The oil
is used topically to treat toothache.[42]
- Coffee
senna (Cassia
occidentalis) is used in a wide variety of roles in traditional
medicine, including in particular as a broad-spectrum internal and external
antimicrobial, for liver disorders, for intestinal worms and other parasites
and as an immune-system stimulant.[43][44]
- Comfrey
(Symphytum
officinale) has been used as a vulnerary and to reduce inflammation.[45]
It was also used internally in the past, for stomach and other ailments, but
its toxicity has led a number of other countries, including Canada, Brazil,
Australia, and the United Kingdom, to severely restrict or ban the use of
comfrey.[46]
- Cranberry (Vaccinium
macrocarpon) used historically as a vulnerary and for urinary
disorders, diarrhea, diabetes,
stomach ailments, and liver
problems. Modern usage has concentrated on urinary tract related
problems.[47]
D
E
- Elderberry
(Sambucus
nigra) berries and leaves have traditionally been used to treat pain, swelling, infections, coughs, and skin
conditions and, more recently, flu,
common
cold, fevers, constipation, and sinus
infections.[52]
- Ephedra
(Ephedra
sinica) has been used for more than 5,000 years in traditional
Chinese medicine for respiratory
ailments.[53]
Products containing ephedra for weight loss, energy and athletic performance,
particularly those also containing caffeine,
have been linked to stroke,
heart arrhythmia,
and even death. Such products have been banned in the United States since
December, 2003. Other dietary
supplements containing ephedra were similarly banned in February,
2004.[54]
- Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus) leaves were widely used in traditional medicine as a febrifuge.[55]
Eucalyptus oil is commonly used in over-the-counter
cough and cold medications, as well as for an analgesic.[56]
- European
Mistletoe (Viscum
album) has been used to treat seizures, headaches, and other
conditions.[57]
- Evening
primrose (Oenothera
spp.) oil
has been used since the 1930s for eczema,
and more recently as an anti-inflammatory[58]
F
G
- Garlic
(பூண்டு)(Allium
sativum) widely used as an antibiotic[62][63][64][65]
and, more recently, for treating cardiovascular
disease[66][67]
- Ginger
(Zingiber
officinale) is used to relieve nausea[68]
- Ginkgo
(Ginkgo biloba) leaf
extract has been used to treat asthma,
bronchitis, fatigue, and tinnitus[69]
- Ginseng
(Panax
ginseng and Panax
quinquefolius) has been used medicinally, in particular in Asia, for
over 2,000 years, and is widely used in modern society.[70]
- Goldenseal (Hydrastis
canadensis) was used traditionally by Native
Americans to treat skin
diseases, ulcers, and gonorrhea.
More recently, the herb has been used respiratory
tract and a number of other infections[71]
- Grape
(Vitis
vinifera) leaves and fruit have been used medicinally since the ancient Greeks.[72]
- Guava
(Psidium
guajava) has a rich history of use in traditional medicine. It is
traditionally used to treat diarrhea; however, evidence of its effectiveness
is very limited.[73][74]
H
J
K
- Kratom
(Mitragyna
speciosa) Kratom is known to prevent or delay withdrawal symptoms in
an opioid dependent individual, and it is often used to mitigate cravings
thereafter. It can also be used for other medicinal purposes. Kratom has been
traditionally used in regions such as Malaysia, Thailand, and
Indonesia.
- Kanna (Sceletium
tortuosum) African treatment for depression. Suggested to be an SSRI
or have similar effects, but unknown MOA.
L
- Lavender
(Lavandula
angustifolia) was traditionally used as an antiseptic and for mental
health purposes. It was also used ancient
Egypt in mummifying bodies. There is
little scientific evidence that lavender is effective for most mental health
uses.[89]
- Lemon
(Citrus
limon), along with other citruses,
has a long history of use in Chinese
and Indian
traditional medicine.[90]
In contemporary use, honey and lemon is common for treating coughs and sore
throat.
- Licorice
root (Glycyrrhiza
glabra) has a long history of medicinal usage in Eastern and Western
medicine. Uses include stomach
ulcers, bronchitis,
and sore throat, as well as infections
caused by viruses, such as hepatitis.[91]
- Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)
Sacred lotus has been the subject of a number of in-vitro and animal studies,
exploring its pharmacologic effects, including antioxidant, hepatoprotective,
immunomodulatory, anti-infective, hyperlipidemic, and psychopharmacologic
activity[92]
although clinical trials are lacking.
M
N
O
- Opium Poppy
(Papaver somniferum)
is the plant source of morphine,
used for pain relief. Morphine made from
the refined and modified sap is used for pain control in terminal patients.
Dried sap was used as a traditional medicine until the 19th century.
- Oregano
(Origanum vulgare) Used as an abortifacient in folk medicine in some
parts of Bolivia and other north western South American countries, though no
evidence of efficacy exists in Western medicine. Hippocrates used oregano as
an antiseptic, as well as a cure for stomach and respiratory ailments. A
Cretan oregano (O. dictamnus) is still used today in Greece as a palliative
for sore throat. Evidence of efficacy in this matter is lacking.
P
- Passion
Flower (Passiflora)
- Thought to have Anti-depressant properties. Unknown MOA. Used in traditional
medicine to aid with sleep or depression.
R
S
- Syrian
Rue (aka Harmal)
(Peganum
harmala) - MAOI. Can be used as an anti-depressant, but carries
significant risk. Used in traditional shamanistic rites in the amazon, and is
a component of Ayahuasca, Caapi or Yajé (which is actually usually Banisteriopsis
caapi but has the same active alkaloids).
T
U
V
W
Y
Notes
- ^
Digitalis use in the United States is controlled by the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration and can only be prescribed by a physician. Misuse can cause
death.
- This encyclopedia is not a substitute for medical advice nor a complete
description of these herbs, their dangers (up to and including death), and
their (in)compatibility with alcohol
or other drugs.
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